Friday, May 06, 2011

I want to post a few comments on an excellent lecture by John Lennox. (A matter of gravity) It's a response to the new book by Stephen Hawking; Grand Design, and is available online. [see notes]

Quotes and comments;

1. "Because there is a law of gravity the universe will create itself out of nothing." - Hawking [1.]
- And where did gravity come from? Did it birth itself? Doesn't there have to be a universe for there to be gravity?

2. Hawking declares philosophy to be dead (echoing Nietzsche, and his claim god is dead).
- I see this as evidence for Van Til's claim that the death of god is the death of rationality. i.e. of truth, objectivity, etc.
- as Lennox notes; this statement by Hawking, is itself a philosophical statement.

3. The idea the universe created itself is as nonsensical as me saying that I created myself.

4. Hawking claims universes (plural) arise from laws; but there can be no laws if nothing exists. He reifies law; law isn't a entity in itself; it's merely a description of what we see going on in the universe. It's too bad he thinks philosophy is dead; because he could learn something by studying it. He's making concrete what is an abstraction. There is no law over and above what is going on. Laws are descriptive not presciptive. What is a law if nothing exists? His view can only mean that laws exist independent of the universe... and this is a fallacy.

5. Lennox tells us that a scientist can describe how a jet engine works; but cannot account for how it came into being....
- Certainly the law of gravity didn't create the engine. But if you're a materialist this is what you'd have to say if you wanted to be consistent. (Being consistent is something no unregenerate person wants to do.)

6. H. when asked where gravity came from said, "M theory"

- In my view, this isn't, and cannot be science. Cosmologists like Hawking have abandoned empirical science. That he knows his math doesn't mean he's not a quack. There is No way he can know the things he claims to know.
In his delusions of grandeur he's confusing his speculations with reality. As Lennox points out a theory can't create anything. These guys have been smoking the materialist pipe so long they're high on the fumes... and have left the real world behind. This isn't science... it's science fiction (of a very boring sort.)

7. H. claims to know there are many universes. I find this comical arrogance. No one can know this. Once upon a time universe meant all that exists. If we take that definition there can't be many universes. (I notice that they never tell us how many universes! If it's all simply a matter of doing the math, why is it they don't know how many universes there are?)

I consider this burlesque; not science. Whatever happened to empirical science? As you can accomplish anything with statistics, so you can do anything with equations and mathematics. (Is H. aware, I'm sure he is, that many mathematicians consider math to be a human invention. If it is, it couldn't prove anything about the universe.)

8. An investigation of the physical universe can never disprove God; this is a juvenile idea. (Try reading a little philosophy Stephen) This is like saying if I study a jet engine, and don't see its human inventor residing inside of it, said person doesn't exist.

9. Some people claim that are an infinite amount of universes. How could they know? How can the infinite exist? An infinite number of universes came from nothing? We're a million light years past silly here :=} God is an impossiblity according to Michael Martin, but an infinite number of universes aren't?
If given an infinite number of universes anything can happen, why is it our universe could not have been created by god? His argument refutes itself.

10. H. claims that 'science' has killed philsophy (as it's killed god) One wonders what it will kill next. (Echoes of here of Fred Saberhagen's Berserkers?)

11. Roger Penrose has said the mulitverse idea is an excuse for not having a good idea (ie. why there is something rather than nothing; why the universe is so exquisitely fine tuned.)

12. "Free will is an illusion.'' - Hawking
- if that's the case why is he trying to persuade us of his views?

13. Lennox tells us many (including the editor of Nature) opposed the idea of the big bang when it came out. Why? Because it 'supported' the biblical view of a creation in time.

14. Since he accepts the idea of Evolution, I wonder if H. is aware of the creationist claim that matter (or the laws of physics if he prefers) cannot produce genetic code. Imagine looking at a computer and saying ''look, the laws of physics produced this thing... aren't the laws of physics incredible?"

If all is physical law, then his own book is a product of physics. His divorce from his first wife was a matter of gravity. Does he believe that?

To say something was created by the laws of science' (e.g. the universe) makes no sense to me. Did the 'laws of science' create the model T?

15. To say that 'science' can answer every question is to claim every answer boils down to physics, that everything can be understood in terms of matter in motion. This is nothing more than comical bravado.

Notes;
1. A matter of gravity - John Lennox [YouTube]
- His lecture is much better than my rough notes make it appear. Don't waste your time here; go straight to the lecture.
2. Ravi Zacharias Answers Stephen Hawking - Part 1 [of 3] YouTube
- Ravi Z. in conversation with John Lennox

Wednesday, March 24, 2010

For people with an interest in thinking about a Christian view of science, there's a series of talks available online at Reformed Audio

These were given (as a bible study class) by a Benjamin Richards. I've listened to most of them, and can recommend them. Richards has done his homework, and does an excellent job.

01 - Introduction
02 - Theological Considerations (General)
03 - Theological Considerations (Specific)
04 - The Biblical Doctrine of Revelation
05 - Introduction to Epistemology
06 - Epistemology II: A Biblical Foundation
07 - Biblical Foundation II
08 - The Birth of Science: History of Interpretation
09.1 - Science and Ancient Cultures, Part I
09.2 - Science and Ancient Cultures, Part II
10 - The Death of Science: History of Western Philosophy
11 - The Science Wars and the Epistemological Crisis of the Western University
12 - Specific Objections: Miracles and Darwinism

Wednesday, March 03, 2010

The politics of pornography

A recent episode of the Chalcedon podcast featured Martin Selbrede and Andrea Schwartz discussing a chapter from the book 'Law and Liberty' by R. J. Rushdoony. [1.]

A. 'The rise of totalitarianism has always been preceded by moral anarchism, and those seeking tyrannical powers over man have always worked to reduce man to a dependent position by undercutting his moral self-government and responsibility. The rise and triumph of pornography is a prelude to totalitarianism. Moral anarchy is the seed-bed of tyranny.' [2.]

B. 'Moral anarchism is used to destroy every form of social stability and order in order to pave the way for totalitarian order. [2.]

Notes;
1. Chalcedon Podcast - February 24/2010
2. Law and Liberty - R. J. Rushdoony [ch. 4]
3. Noble Savages - R. J. Rushdoony
- a book mentioned in the podcast

Wednesday, February 17, 2010

I came across an interesting set of lectures called the 'Darwin Was Wrong' Conference.
Logos Research Associates

Quotes and comments;

A. Summary of conference;
'2009 is the year of Darwin, marking the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of his book, Origin of Species. While much of the world is now paying homage to this man, it is timely to review how profoundly wrong Darwin was on virtually every major topic he addressed. While Darwin was right about the ability of populations to adapt in a limited way to changed environmental conditions, he was profoundly wrong on key scientific issues including: the very nature of science itself; the geological time scale; the incompleteness of the fossil record; the complexity of life; the limits of natural selection; the tree of life; race; and the origin of human beings. More importantly, Darwin was wrong about the disastrous social and moral consequences of his ideas. Lastly, but most importantly, Darwin was wrong about God.

- I've only listened to a couple lectures so far; but I'd recommend the one by Dr. E. Thomas McMullen. ('Darwin was wrong about science)' He teaches or taught the philosophy of science, and gives an introduction to the subject here.

Notes;
1. Summary is from the Logos website.
For people interested in the global warming debate, Larry Vardiman has an excellent discussion of the subject in a video that's been posted online. See Some Like it Hot

Biography;
Larry Vardiman is a creation scientist and educator with a Ph.D. in Atmospheric Science from Colorado State University. He served as the chairman of the Department of Astro-Geophysics at the Institute for Creation Research’s Graduate School since 1989.
Much of Dr. Vardiman’s scientific contributions have been in the areas of cloud seeding, ice crystal growth and evolution, the age of the earth’s atmosphere, ice sheet formation during the Ice Age, and catastrophic hurricane formation.

Monday, February 15, 2010

You can download a free copy of The Darwin Conspiracy by Roy Davies from his website. Link
A review of the book can be found at Arn.org

Quotes and comments;

A. 'This publication marks the 150th anniversary of the joint presentation of Darwin and Wallace of their thinking about evolution by natural selection to the Linnean Society. The book is a blockbuster because it claims that "Darwin perpetuated one of the greatest crimes in the history of science". It concludes that Darwin plagiarised Alfred Russel Wallace, deceived the world about the maturity of his own ideas before 1858, and, to satisfy his personal need for glory, failed to give credit to scholars who influenced his thinking. [1.]

Notes;
1. The Darwingate papers Link

Sunday, January 24, 2010

The 2009 Gifford lectures; A fine tuned universe; science, theology, and the quest for meaning - Alister Mcgrath
- these lectures are available free online at University of Aberdeen

Quotes and comments from lecture 1. [Yearning to make sense of things]

p. 14. 'Yet though the “anthropic principle” is perhaps better seen as a statement and contextualization of the issue, rather than anything even approaching its solution, it is widely agreed that the observation of “fine-tuning” in the universe requires explanation – an explanation which is potentially of considerable theological significance.'

- I like the term fine tuning for its resonance with ancient ideas that compared the structure of the universe to music, and to musical instruments; e.g. the music of the spheres and so on.

p. 15. 'The fundamental point here is that there are many things about the natural world that appear strange to us – such as its apparent fine-tuning. The American philosopher Charles Peirce (1839-1914) argued that what he termed “surprising facts” were a fundamental stimulus to the advancement of human thought. Yet Peirce perhaps fails to make the point that certain facts are surprising only because they are seen in a certain way.

- i.e. whether or not x strikes you as strange depends to a great extent upon your worldview. (It's also dependent upon human nature, as we can imagine other intelligent agents having different views.)

- In trying my best to keep up with the science news, I continually come across scientists admitting they are surprised by what they've discovered, that what they've found was not what they expected, that things are much more complex than they can account for, etc. (I suspect there's a library of stories waiting to be written in this area; that these 'surprises' are stories waiting to be told.)

Tuesday, January 12, 2010

Devolution - by Edmond Hamilton [a Sf short story]
- I've posted this story for people who can't find it. (I read it online once, but can't find it anywhere now.)


Ross had ordinarily the most even of tempers, but four days of canoe travel in the wilds of North Quebec had begun to rasp it. On this, their fourth stop on the bank of the river to camp for the night, lost control and for a few moments stood and spoke to his two companions in blistering terms.

His black eyes snapped and his darkly unshaven handsome young face worked as he spoke. The biologists listened to him without reply at first. Gray's blond young countenance was indignant but Woodin, the older biologist, just listened impassively with his gray eyes level on Ross's angry face.
When Ross stopped for breath, Woodin's calm voice struck in. "Are you finished?"

Ross gulped as though about to resume his tirade, then abruptly got hold of himself. "Yes, I'm finished," he said sullenly.
"Then listen to me," said Woodin, like a middle-aged father admonishing a sulky child.
"You're working yourself up for nothing. Neither Gray nor I have made one complaint yet. Neither us has once said that we disbelieve what you told us."
"You haven't said you disbelieve, no!" Ross exclaimed with anger suddenly re-flaring. "But don't suppose I can tell what you're thinking?
"You think I told you a fairy story about the things I saw from my plane, don't you? You think I
dragged you two up here on the wildest wild-goose chase, to look for incredible creatures that could
never have existed. You believe that, don't you?"
"Oh, damn these mosquitoes!" said Gray, slapping viciously at his neck and staring
with unfriendly eyes at the aviator.
Woodin took command. "We'll go over this after we've made camp. Jim, get out the dufflebags. Ross,
will you rustle firewood?"
They both glared at him and at each other, but grudgingly they obeyed. The tension eased for the
time.

By the time darkness fell on the little riverside clearing, the canoe was drawn up on the bank, their
trim little balloon-silk tent had been erected, and a fire crackled in front of it. Gray fed the fire with fat
knots of pine while Woodin cooked over it coffee, hot cakes, and the inevitable bacon.
The firelight wavered feebly up toward the tall trunks of giant hemlocks that walled the little
clearing on three sides. It lit up their three khaki-clad, stained figures and the irregular white block of tent. It gleamed out there on the riffles of the McNorton, chuckling softly as it flowed on toward the Little Whale.

They ate silently, and as wordlessly cleaned the pans with bunches of grass. Woodin got his pipe
going, the other two lit crumpled cigarettes, and then they sprawled for a time by the fire, listening to chuckling, whispering river-sounds, the sighing sough of the higher hemlock branches, the lonesome
cheeping of insects.

Woodin finally knocked his pipe out on his boot-heel and sat up.
"All right," he said, "now we'll settle this argument we were having."
Ross looked a little shamefaced. "I guess I got too hot about it," he said subduedly. Then added, all the same, you fellows do more than half disbelieve me."
Woodin shook his head calmly. "No, we don't, Ross. When you told us that you'd seen creatures
unlike anything ever heard of while flying over this wilderness, Gray and I both believed you.
"If we hadn't, do you think two busy biologists would have dropped their work to come up here
with you into these unending woods and look for the things you saw?"
"I know, I know," said the aviator unsatisfiedly. "You think I saw something queer and you're taking
a chance that it will be worth the trouble of coming up here after.
"But you don't believe what I've told you about the look of the things. You think that sounds too
queer to be true, don't you?"

For the first time Woodin hesitated in answering. "After all, Ross," he said indirectly,
"one's eyes play tricks when you're only glimpsing things for a moment from a plane a mile up."
"Glimpsing them?" echoed Ross. "I tell you, man, I saw them as clearly as I see you. A mile up, yes,
but I had my big binoculars with me and was using them when I saw them.
"It was near here, too, just east of the fork of the McNorton and the Little Whale. I was streaking south
in a hurry for I'd been three weeks up at that government mapping survey on Hudson's Bay. I wanted place myself by the river fork, so I brought my plane down a little and used my binoculars."Then, down
there in a clearing by the river, I saw something glisten and saw- the things. I tell you, they were
incredible, but just the same I saw them clear! I forgot all about the river fork in the moment or two I
stared down at them.

"They were big, glistening things like heaps of shining jelly, so translucent that I could see the
ground through them. There were at least a dozen of them and when I saw them they were gliding across
that little clearing, a floating, flowing movement.
"Then they disappeared under the trees. If there'd been a clearing big enough to land in within a
hundred miles, I'd have landed and looked for them, but there wasn't and I had to go on. But I wanted
like the devil to find out what they were, and when I took the story to you two, you agreed to come up
here by canoe to search for them. But I don't think now you've ever fully believed me."
Woodin looked thoughtfully into the fire. "I think you saw something queer, all right, some queer
form of life. That's why I was willing to come up on this search.
"But things such as you describe, jelly-like, translucent, gliding over the ground like that-there's nothing like that since the first protoplasmic creatures, the beginning of life on earth, glided over our
young world ages ago."

"If there were such things then, why couldn't they have left descendants like them?" Ross argued.
Woodin shook his head. "Because they all vanished ages ago, changed into different
and higher forms of life, starting the great upward climb of life that has reached its height in man.
"Those long-dead, single-celled protoplasmic creatures were the start, the crude, humble beginnings
of our life. They passed away and their descendants were unlike them. We men are their descendants."
Ross looked at him, frowning. "But where did they come from in the first place, those first living
things?"

Again Woodin shook his head. "That is one thing we biologists do not know and can hardly speculate upon, the origin of those first protoplasmic forms of life.

"It's been suggested that they rose spontaneously from the chemicals of earth, yet this is disproved
by the fact that no such things rise spontaneously now from inert matter. Their origin is still a complete
mystery. But, however they came into existence on earth, they were the first of life, our distant ancestors."
Woodin's eyes were dreaming, the other two forgotten, as he stared into the fire, seeing visions.
"What a glorious saga it is, that wonderful climb up from crude protoplasm creatures to a man! A
marvelous series of changes that has brought us from that first low form to our present splendor.
"And it might not have occurred on any other world but earth! For science is now almost sure that cause of evolutionary mutations is the radiations of the radioactive deposits inside the earth, acting upon
the genes of all living matter."

He caught a glimpse of Ross's uncomprehending face, and despite his raptness smiled a little.
"I can see that means nothing to you. I'll try to explain. The germ-cell of every living thing on earth
contains in it a certain number of small, rod-like things which are called chromosomes. These
chromosomes are made up of strings of tiny particles which we call genes. And each of these genes has potent and different controlling effect upon the development of the creature that grows from that
germ-cell.

"Some of these genes control the creature's color, some control his size, some the shape of his limbs,
and so on. Every characteristic of the creature that grows from that germ-cell will be greatly different the fellow-creatures of its species. He will be, in fact, of an entirely new species. That is the way in which
new species come into existence on earth, the method of evolutionary change.
"Biologists have known this for some time and they have been searching for the cause of these
sudden great changes, these mutations, as they are called. They have tried to find out what it is that
affects the genes so radically. They have found experimentally
that X-rays and chemical rays of various
kinds, when turned upon the genes of a germ-cell, will change them greatly. And the creature
that grows from that germ-cell will thus be a greatly changed creature, a mutant.
"Because of this, many biologists now believe that the radiation from the radioactive
deposits inside earth, acting upon all the genes of every living thing on earth, is what causes
the constant change of species, the procession of mutations, that has brought life up the
evolutionary road to its present height.
"That is why I say that on any other world but earth, evolutionary progress might never
have happened. For it may be that no other world has similar radioactive deposits within to cause by gene-effect the mutations. On any other world, the first protoplasmic things that
began life might have remained forever the same, down through endless generations.
"How thankful we ought to be that it was not so on earth! That mutation after mutation
has followed, life ever changing and progressing into new and higher species, until the first
crude protoplasm things have advanced through countless changing forms into the supreme
achievement of man!"
Woodin's enthusiasm had carried him away as he talked, but now he stopped, laughing
a little as he relit his pipe.

"Sorry that I lectured you like a college freshman, Ross. But that's my chief subject of
thought, my idee fixe, that wonderful upward climb of life through the ages."
Ross was staring thoughtfully into the fire. "It does seem wonderful the way you tell One species changing into another, going higher all the time-"
Gray stood up by the fire and stretched. "Well, you two can wonder over it, but this
crass materialist is going to emulate his remote invertebrate ancestors and return to a
prostrate position. In other words, I'm going to bed."
He looked at Ross, a doubtful grin on his young blond face, and said, "No hard feelings now, feller?"

"Forget it." The aviator grinned back. "The paddling was hard today and you fellows look mighty skeptical. But you'll see! Tomorrow we'll be at the fork of the Little Whale and
then I'll bet we won't scout an hour before we run across those jelly-creatures."
"I hope so," said Woodin yawningly. "Then we'll see just how good your eyesight is from
a mile up, and whether you've yanked two respectable scientists up here for nothing."
Later as he lay in his blankets in the little tent, listening to Gray and Ross snore and
looking sleepily out at the glowing fire embers, Woodin wondered again about that. What
had Ross actually seen in that fleeting glimpse from his speeding plane? Something queer,
Woodin was sure of that, so sure that he'd come on this hard trip to find it. But what
exactly?
Not protoplasmic things such as he described. That couldn't be, of course. Or could it? If things like
that had existed once, why couldn't they-couldn't they-?
Woodin didn't know he'd been sleeping until he was awakened by Gray's cry. It wasn't a nice cry, was the hoarse yell of someone suddenly assaulted by bone-freezing terror.
He opened his eyes at that cry to see the Incredible looming against the stars in the open door of tent. A dark, amorphous mass humped there in the opening,
glistening all over in the starlight, and gliding into the tent. Behind it were others like it.

Things happened very quickly then. They seemed to Woodin to happen not consecutively but in succession of swift, clicking scenes like the successive pictures of a motion picture film.
Gray's pistol roared red flame at the first viscous monster entering the tent, and the momentary flash
showed the looming, glistening bulk of the thing, and Gray's panic-frozen face, and Ross clawing in his
blankets for his pistol.

Then that scene was over and instantly there was another one, Gray and Ross both stiffening
suddenly as though petrified, both falling heavily over. Woodin knew they were both dead now, but
didn't know how he knew it The glistening monsters were coming on into the tent.
He ripped up the wall of the tent and plunged out into the cold starlight of the clearing. He ran three
steps, he didn't know in what direction, and then he stopped. He didn't know why he stopped dead, he did.
He stood there, his brain desperately urging his limbs to fly, but his limbs would not obey. He
couldn't even turn, could not move a muscle of his body. He stood, his face toward the starlit gleam of
the river, stricken by a strange and utter paralysis.
Woodin heard rustling, gliding movements in the tent behind him. Now from behind, there came into
the line of his vision several of the glistening things. They were gathering around him, a dozen of them it
seemed, and he now could see them quite clearly.
They weren't nightmares, no. They were real as real, poised here around him, humped, amorphous
masses of viscous, translucent jelly. Each was about four feet tall and three in diameter, though their
shapes kept constantly changing slightly, making dimensions hard to guess.
At the center of each translucent mass was a dark, disk-like blob or nucleus. There was nothing else
to the creatures, no limbs or sense-organs. He saw that they could protrude pseudopods, though, for who held the bodies of Gray and Ross in such tentacles, were now bringing them out and laying them
down beside Woodin.

Woodin, still quite unable to move a muscle, could see the frozen, twisted faces of the two men,
and could see the pistols still gripped in their dead hands. And then as he looked on Ross's
face he remembered.
The things the aviator had seen from his plane, the jelly-creatures the three had come
north to search for, they were the monsters around him! But how had they killed Ross and Gray, how were they holding him petrified like this, who were they?

"We will permit you to move, but you must not try to escape."
Woodin's dazed brain numbed further with wonder. Who had said those words to him?
He had heard nothing, yet he had thought he heard.
"We will let you move but you must not attempt to escape or harm us."
He did hear those words in his mind, even though his ears heard no sound. And now brain heard more.
"We are speaking to you by transference of thought impulses. Have you sufficient
mentality to understand us?"
Minds? Minds in these things? Woodin was shaken by the thought as he stared at the
glistening monsters.
His thought apparently had reached them. "Of course we have minds," came the thought
answer into his brain. "We are going to let you move now, but do not try to flee."

"I-I won't try," Woodin told himself mentally.
At once the paralysis that held him abruptly lifted. He stood there in the circle of the
glistening monsters, his hands and body trembling violently.
There were ten of them, he saw now. Ten monstrous, humped masses of shining,
translucent jelly, gathered around him like cowled and faceless genii come from some haunt
of the unknown. One stood closer to him than the others, apparently spokesman
and leader.
Woodin looked slowly around their circle, then down at his two dead companions.
In the midst of the unfamiliar terrors that froze his soul, he felt a sudden aching pity as he
looked down at them.
Came another strong thought into Woodin's mind from the creature closest him. "We not wish to kill them, we came here simply to capture and communicate with the three of you.
"But when we sensed that they were trying to kill us, we slew quickly. You, who did try to kill us but fled, we harmed not."
"What-what do you want with us, with me?" Woodin asked. He whispered it through lips, as well as thinking it.
There was no mental answer this time. The things stood unmoving, a silent ring of
brooding, unearthly figures. Woodin felt his mind snapping under the strain of silence and
he asked the question again, screamed it.

This time the mental answer came. "I did not answer, because I was probing your
mentality to ascertain whether you are of sufficient intelligence to comprehend our ideas.
"While your mind seems of an exceptionally low order, it seems possible that it can appreciate
enough of what we wish to convey to understand us.
"Before beginning, however, I warn you again that it is quite impossible for you to escape or to harm
any of us and that attempts to do so will result disastrously for you. It is apparent you know nothing mental energy, so I will inform you that your two fellow-creatures were killed by the sheer power of wills, and that your muscles were held unresponsive to your brain's commands by the same power. By
our mental energy we could completely annihilate your body, if we chose."
There was a pause, and in that little space of silence, Woodin's dazed brain clutched desperately sanity, for steadiness.
Then came again that mental voice that seemed so like a real voice speaking in his brain.
"We are children of a galaxy whose name, as nearly as it can be approximated in your tongue, is
Arctar. The galaxy of Arctar lies so many million light-years from this galaxy that it is far around the
curve of the sphere of the three-dimensional cosmos.

"We came to dominance in that galaxy long ages ago. For we were creatures who could utilize our
mental energy for transport, for physical power, for producing almost any effect we required. Because this we rapidly conquered and colonized that galaxy, traveling from sun to sun without need of any
vehicle.

"Having brought all the matter of the galaxy Arctar under our control, we looked out upon the
realms beyond. There are approximately a thousand million galaxies in the three-dimensional cosmos,
and it seemed fitting to us that we should colonize them all so that all the matter in the cosmos should time be brought under our control.
"Our first step was to proliferate our numbers so as to multiply our number to that required for the
great task of colonization of the cosmos. This was not difficult since, of course, reproduction with us matter of mere fission. When the requisite number of us were ready, they were divided into four forces.
"Then the whole sphere of the three-dimensional cosmos was quartered out among those four forces.
Each was to colonize its division of the cosmos and so in their tremendous hosts they set out from Arctar,
in four different directions.

"A part of one of these forces came to this galaxy of yours eons ago and spread out deliberately to
colonize all its habitable worlds. All this took great lengths of time, of course, but our lives are of length
vastly exceeding yours, and we comprehend that racial achievement is everything and individual
achievement is nothing. In the colonization
of this galaxy, a force of several million Arctarians came this particular son and, finding but this one planet of its nine nearer worlds habitable, settled here.
"Now it has been the rule that the colonists of all these worlds throughout the cosmos have kept communication with the original home of our race, the galaxy Arctar. In that way, our people, who now
hold the whole cosmos, are able to concentrate
at one point all their knowledge and power, and from
that point go forth commands that shape great projects for the cosmos.

"But from this world no communications have ever been received since shortly after the force of
colonizing Arctarians came here. When this was first noted the matter was deferred, it being thought within a few more million years reports would surely be made from this world, too. But still no word
came, until after more than a thousand million years of this silence the directing council at Arctar ordered
an expedition sent to this world to ascertain the reason for such silence on the part of its colonists.
"We ten form that expedition and we started from one of the worlds of the sun you call Sirius, a short
distance from your own sun, where we too are colonists. We were ordered to come with full speed to world and ascertain why its colonists had made no report. So, wafting ourselves by mental energy
through the void, we crossed the span from sun to sun and a few days ago arrived on your world.
"Imagine our perplexity when we floated down here on your world! Instead of a world peopled every square mile by Arctarians like ourselves, descended from the original colonists, a world
completely under their mental control, we find a planet that is largely a wilderness of weird forms of "We remained at this spot where we had landed and for some time sent our vision forth and scanned
this whole globe mentally. And our perplexity increased, for never had we seen such grotesque and
degraded forms of life as presented themselves to us. And not one Arctarian was to be seen on this whole
planet.
"This has sorely perplexed us, for what could have done away with the Arctarians who colonized world? Our mighty colonists and their descendants surely could never have been overcome and
destroyed by the pitifully weak mentalities that now inhabit this globe. Yet where, when, are they?
"That is why we sought to seize you and your companions. Low as we knew your mentalities must
be, it seemed that surely even such as you would know what had become of our colonists who once
inhabited this world."
The thought-stream paused a moment, then raced into Woodin's mind with a clear question.
"Have you not some knowledge of what became of our colonists? Some clue as to their strange
disappearance?"

The numbed biologist found himself shaking his head slowly. "I never-I never heard before of such
creatures as you, such minds. They never existed on earth that we know of, and we now know almost of the history of earth."
"Impossible!" exclaimed the thought of the Arctarian leader. "Surely you must have some knowledge
of our mighty people if you know all the history of this planet."
From another Arctarian's mind came a thought, directed at the leader but impinging
indirectly on Woodin's brain.
"Why not examine the past of the planet through this creature's brain and see what we can see for
ourselves!"

"An excellent idea!" exclaimed the leader. "His mentality will be easy enough to probe."
"What are you going to do?" cried Woodin shrilly, panic edging his voice.
The answering thoughts were calming, reassuring. "Nothing that will harm you in the least. We are
simply going to probe your racial past by unlocking the inherited memories of your brain.
"In the unused cells of your brain lie impressed inherited racial memories that go back to your
remotest ancestors. By our mental power of command we shall make those buried memories temporarily
dominant and vivid in your mind.
"You will experience the same sensations, see the same scenes, that your remote ancestors of millions
of years ago saw. And we, here around you, can read your mind as we now do, and so see what you seeing, looking into the past of this planet.
"There is no danger. Physically you will remain standing here, but mentally you will leap back
across the ages. We shall first push your mind back to a time approximating
that when our colonists came to this world, to see what happened to them."
No sooner had this thought impinged on Woodin's mind than the starlit scene around him, the
humped masses of the Arctarians, suddenly vanished and his consciousness
seemed whirling through gray mist.

He knew that physically he was not moving, yet mentally he had a sense of terrific velocity of
motion. It was as though his mind was whirling across unthinkable gulfs, his brain expanding.
Then abruptly the gray mists cleared. A strange new scene took hazy form inside Woodin's mind.
It was a scene that he sensed, not saw. By other senses than sight did it present itself to his mind, it was none the less real and vivid.
He looked with those strange senses upon a strange earth, a world of gray seas and harsh continents
of rock without any speck of life upon them. The skies were heavily clouded and rain fell continually.
Down upon that world Woodin felt himself dropping, with a host of weird companions.
They were each an amorphous, glistening, single-celled mass, with a dark nucleus at its center. They were Arctarians and Woodin knew that he was an Arctarian, and that he had come with the others a long way through space toward this world.
They landed in hosts upon the harsh and lifeless planet. They exerted their mentalities
and by sheer telekinetic force of mental energy they altered the material world to suit them. They reared great structures and cities, cities that were not of matter but of thought. He realized a vast ordered mass of
inquiry, investigation, experiment, and communication, but all beyond his present human mind in
motives and achievement.

Abruptly all dissolved in gray mists again.
The mists cleared almost at once and now Woodin looked on another scene. It was later in time, one. And now Woodin saw that time had worked strange changes upon the hosts of Arctarians, of which
he still was one. They had changed from unicellular to multicellular beings. And they were no longer the same. Some were sessile, fixed in one spot, others mobile. Some betrayed a tendency toward the
water, others toward the land. Something had changed the bodily form of the Arctarians
as generations
passed, branching them out in different lines.
This strange degeneration of their bodies had been accompanied by a kindred degeneration of their minds.

Woodin sensed that. In the thought-cities the ordered process of search for knowledge and power
had become confused, chaotic. And the thought-cities themselves were vanishing, the Arctarians having
no longer sufficient mental energy to maintain them.
The Arctarians were trying to ascertain what was causing this strange bodily and mental
degeneration in them. They thought it was something that was affecting the genes of their bodies, but
what it was they could not guess. On no other world had they ever degenerated so!
That scene passed rapidly into another much later. Woodin now saw the scene, for by then the
ancestor, whose mind he looked through, had developed eyes. And he saw that the degeneration had
now gone far, the Arctarians' multicellular bodies more and more stricken by the diseases of complexity
and diversification.
The last of the thought-cities now were gone. The once mighty Arctarians had become hideous,
complex organisms degenerating ever further, some of them creeping
and swimming in the waters,
others fixed upon the land.
They still had left some of the great original mentality of their ancestors. These monstrously
degenerated creatures of land and sea, living in what Woodin's mind recognized as the late Paleozoic
age, still made frantic and futile attempts to halt the terrible progress of their degradation.
Woodin's mind flashed into a scene later still, in the Mesozoic. Now the spreading degeneration made of the descendants of the colonists a still more horrible group of races. Great webbed and scaled
and taloned creatures they were now, reptiles living in land and water.
Even these incredibly changed creatures possessed a faint remnant of their ancestors'
mental power.
They made vain attempts to communicate with Arctarians far on other worlds of distant suns, to apprise
them of their plight. But their minds were now too weak.

There followed a scene in the Cenozoic. The reptiles had become mammals; the downward progress
of the Arctarians had gone further. Now only the merest shreds of the original mentality remained in
these degraded descendants. And now this pitiful posterity had produced a species even more foolish
and lacking in mental power than any before, ground-apes that roamed the cold plain in chattering,
quarreling packs. The last shreds of Arctarian inheritance, the ancient instincts toward dignity and
cleanliness and forbearance, had faded out of these creatures.
And then a last picture filled Woodin's brain. It was the world of the present day, the world he had
seen through his own eyes. But now he saw and understood it as he never had before, a world in which
degeneration had gone to the utmost limit.

The apes had become even weaker bipedal creatures, who had lost almost every atom of inheritance
of the old Arctarian mind. These creatures had lost, too, many of the senses which had been retained by the apes before them. And these creatures, these humans, were now degenerating with increasing
rapidity. Where at first they had killed like their animal forebears only for food, they had learned to kill
wantonly. And had learned to kill each other in groups, in tribes, in nations and hemispheres. In the madness their degeneracy they slaughtered each other until earth ran with their blood.
They were more cruel even than the apes who had preceded them, cruel with the utter cruelty of mad. And in their progressive insanity they came to starve in the midst of plenty, to slay each other in
their own cities, to cower beneath the lash of superstitious fears as no creatures had before them.
They were the last terrible descendants, the last degenerated product, of the ancient
Arctarian colonists who once had been kings of intellect. Now the other animals were almost gone. These, the last hideous freaks, would soon wind up the terrible story entirely by annihilating each other in their
madness.

Woodin came suddenly to consciousness. He was standing in the starlight in the center of the
riverside clearing. And around him still were poised the ten amorphous Arctarians, a silent ring.

Dazed, reeling from that tremendous and awful vision that had passed through his mind with
incredible vividness, he turned slowly from one to the other of the Arctarians. Their thoughts impinged
on his brain, strong, somber, shaken by terrible horror and loathing.
The sick thought of the Arctarian leader beat into Woodin's mind.
"So that is what became of our Arctarian colonists who came to this world! They degenerated,
changed into lower and lower forms of life, until these pitiful insane things, who now swarm on this
world, are their last descendants.
"This world is a world of deadly horror! A world that somehow damages the genes of our race's
bodies and changes them bodily and mentally, making them degenerate
further each generation. Before us we see the awful result."

The shaken thought of another Arctarian asked, "But what can we do now?"
"There is nothing we can do," uttered their leader solemnly. "This degeneration, this awful change,
has gone too far for us ever to reverse it now.
"Our intelligent brothers became on this poisoned world things of horror, and we cannot now turn
back the clock and restore them from the degraded things their descendants are."
Woodin found his voice and cried out thinly, shrilly.

"It isn't true!" he cried. "It's all a lie, what I saw! We humans aren't the product of downward
devolution, we're the product of ages of upward evolution! We must be, I tell you! Why, we wouldn't
want to live, I wouldn't want to live, if that other tale was true. It can't be true!"

The thought of the Arctarian leader, directed at the other amorphous shapes, reached his raving
mind. It was tinged with pity, yet strong with a superhuman loathing.
"Come, my brothers," the Arctarian was saying to his fellows. "There is nothing we can do here on
this soul-sickening world."
"Let us go, before we too are poisoned and changed. And we will send warning to Arctar that this
world is poisoned, a world of degeneration, so that never again may any of our race come here and go
down the awful road that those others went down.
"Come! We return to our own sun."

The Arctarian leader's humped shape flattened, assumed a disk-like form, then rose smoothly
upward into the air. The others too changed and followed, in a group, and a stupefied Woodin stared at them, glistening dots lifting rapidly into the starlight.
He staggered forward a few steps, shaking his fist insanely up at the shining, receding dots.
"Come back, damn you!" he screamed. "Come back and tell me it's a lie!
"It must be a lie-it must-"
There was no sign of the vanished Arctarians now in the starlit sky. The darkness was brooding and
intense around Woodin.

He screamed up again into the night, but only a whispering echo answered. Wild-eyed, staggering,
soul-smitten, his gaze fell on the pistol in Ross's hand. He seized it with a hoarse cry.
The stillness of the forest was broken suddenly by a sharp crack that reverberated a moment and died rapidly away. Then all was silent again save for the chuckling whisper of the river hurrying on.

The End.
Published 1931.